Steven+Levine

Steven Levine: Foreign Policy in East Asia: Views from Washington, Tokyo, Seoul, Beijing, Moscow and Pyongyang
= = = =
 * = [[image:chiangkaishek.jpg width="190" height="263" align="center" caption="Chiang Kai Shek"]] ||= [[image:diem205.jpg align="center" caption="Ngo Dinh Diem"]] || [[image:Douglas_MacArthur.jpg width="200" height="253" align="center" caption="General McArthur"]] ||
 * = [[image:iRheeSyngman.jpeg align="center" caption="Syngman Rhee"]] ||= [[image:Ho-Chi-Minh-9340663-1-raw.jpg width="301" height="274" align="center" caption="Ho Chi Minh"]] || [[image:KimIlsong.jpeg align="center" caption="Kim Il-sung"]] ||
 * [[image:shigeruyoshida1.jpg width="230" height="279" align="center" caption="Yoshida Shigeru"]] ||

= = = **BASIC CHRONOLOGY OF THE COLD WAR IN EAST ASIA** =

U.S. “reverse course” supports Japan as ally against USSR. || Oct. 1, 1949, Mao proclaims founding of the People's Republic of China. Chiang Kai-shek retreats to Taiwan with his Republic of China. || 1946-1948 General MacArthur presides over democratization pross. || 1945-1949 Kim Il Song consolidates power in North Korea; Syngman Rhee becomes president of South Korea. || 1946-1954 France tries to reestablish control over Indochina (Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia) and fights war against Ho Chi Minh's Vietminh forces. || 1945-1948 Dutch fight against Indonesian nationalists led by Sukarno, but abandon fight under U.S. pressure. Independent Republic of Indonesia established. || 1955-1960 Ngo Dinh Diem of South Vietnam represses domestic opposition. In 1960 communist insurgency resumes in South. || 1960 Neutralization agreement in Laos; Prince Sihanouk rules Cambodia. || 1970s and 1980s discord grows in U.S.-Japan relations over economic issues. || 1958-1961 Great Leap Forward and ensuing famine. Ca. 40 million Chinese die of famine & disease. || 1960s-1980s Japan's rapid economic development based on exports. || July 26, 1953 Armistice signed in Korea, but no peace treaty up to now. U.S. and South Korea conclude military alliance; China and USSR military alliance with North Korea. || 1965 Lyndon Johnson commits U.S. troops to Vietnam; war expands with intensive bombing. China and USSR support North Vietnam with arms. || 1967 Association of Southeast Asian Nations established as regional forum to advance common interests. ||
 * **United States** || **China** || **Japan** || **Korea** || **Vietnam** || **Southeast Asia** ||
 * August 14, 1945 Surrender of Japan. || 1946-1949 Civil War between Chiang Kai-shek's Nationalists and Mao Zedong's Communists. || August 14, 1945, Japan surrenders. Allied powers occupy Japan, 1945-1952 || August 1945 Korea divided in two by US and USSR. || Sept. 2, 1945, Ho Chi Minh in Hanoi proclaims Democratic Republic of Vietnam || After end of WW II, European powers seek to reestablish control over colonies occupied by Japan. ||
 * 1946-1948 Tokyo War Crimes trial condemns Japanese war criminals.
 * 1949-1979 U.S. withholds diplomatic recognition from “Red China,” enforces economic embargo against China. || Feb. 1950- Sino-Soviet Alliance. Moscow provides aid to China's industrialization. || 1946-1954 Prime Minister Mamoru Shigemitsu key U.S. ally. || 1948-1949 civil war between North & South Korea with both sides attacking each other across 38th Parallel. || 1950 U.S. supports France with financial assistance. || 1946-1954 military conflict in Laos & Cambodia parallel fighting in Vietnam. ||
 * 1954-55, 1958 Taiwan Straits crises-U.S. faces off against China over islands of Quemoy & Matsu. || Oct. 1950 China enters Korean War. || 1951-52 San Francisco Peace Treaty & U.S.-Japan security treaty. U.S. military bases in Okinawa & elsewhere. || June 25, 1950, After receiving Stalin's and Mao's approval, Kim Il Song attacks South Korea. Truman, with UN approval, quickly intervenes to support South Korea. || May 1954. French defeat at Dienbienphu. Geneva Conference temporarily divides Vietnam at 17th Parallel.
 * 1955-1970 U.S. & China hold ambassadorial talks in Warsaw but without results. || 1955-56 collectivization of agriculture, industry. || 1960 Mass protests against U.S.-Japan security treaty. || 1950-1953 Korean War. China intervenes to save North Korea. Several millions killed. || November 1963 Diem assassinated, succeeded by merry-go-round of generals. Insurgency grows rapidly. || 1965 Anti-communist coup in Indonesia, hundreds of thousands of communists killed; General Suharto takes charge (until 1998). ||
 * 1969 Pres. Nixon seeks rapprochement with China; meets Mao in Feb. 1972 and establishes basis for new relationship.
 * 1975-1983 period of “strategic triangle,” U.S. & China cooperate vis-a-vis USSR. || 1960-1963 collapse of Sino-Soviet alliance. || 1972 Japan normalizes relations with China. || 1955-1994 Kim Il Song dictator of North Korea. Rapid development through 1970s and then stalls out. || February 1968 Communists' Tet Offensive shocks U.S. public which turns against war. || 1975 Communist victories in Laos and Cambodia. Khmer Rouge in Cambodia pursue radical policy leading to death of ca. 2 million of population of ca. 7 million. ||
 * 1980's U.S. applauds China reform, economic ties boom in post-Mao period. || 1969 Sino-Soviet border war. || 1980s growing economic friction with U.S. || Syngman Rhee ousted in South Korea in April 1960. Military or quasi-military rule until 1987. Park Chung Hee president 1961-1979. || Pres. Nixon announces policy of Vietnamization; peace talks in Paris. || December 1978, Vietnam invades Cambodia, ousts Khmer Rouge, but U.S. & China support remnants of Khmer Rouge regime. ||
 * Tiananmen Massacre June 4, 1989 severely strains U.S.-China ties. U.S. reaffirms alliances with Japan & South Korea. || 1971-1972 Sino-American rapprochement. Nixon visits China Feb. 1972. || 1990s Japan's economy stalls out. || 1970s-1990s Rapid export-led industrial development in South Korea. || 1972 Christmas bombing of Hanoi; January 1973 Paris peace accord; U.S. troops withdrawn from Vietnam. || 1980s--modernization and rapid economic growth. Southeast Asia normalizes diplomatic relations with China. ||
 * || Sept. 1976. Death of Mao Zedong. ||  || 1980s popular protests in South Korea against military rulr; rise of anti-Americanism || March-April 1975 Communists spring offensive shatters South Vietnam forces. Saigon surrenders to Hanoi. || 1990s to present – maritime territorial disputes between China and Southeast Asian nations. ||
 * || 1978 Beginning of reforms with Deng Xiaoping in power. ||  || 1988—South Korean democratic transition and modernization || February 1979 China & Vietnam fight brief border war. ||   ||
 * || 1982 China proclaims an independent foreign policy. ||  || 1980s-1990s North Korean economy stagnates, mass famine in mid-1990s. || 1995 U.S. & Vietnam normalize relations. ||   ||
 * || 1989 Sino-Soviet rapprochement. ||  ||   ||   ||   ||

** THE COLD WAR IN EAST ASIA: ORIGINS AND PHASE ONE **
 * I. **** THE LEGACY OF WORLD WAR II **
 * A. WINNERS AND LOSERS **
 * B. THE CRISIS OF COLONIALISM **
 * C. EMERGENCE AND STATE OF NATIONALIST MOVEMENTS **
 * 1) ** WASHINGTON'S VISION FOR POSTWAR EAST ASIA **
 * A. UNILATERAL CONTROL OF JAPAN – OCCUPATION GOALS **
 * B. SECURING A PRO-AMERICAN PARTNER IN CHINA **
 * C. THE PROBLEM OF KOREA – DIVISION AND STABILIZATION **
 * 1) ** COLD WAR IN EUROPE AND IMPACT UPON EAST ASIA **
 * A. YALTA AND THE FAR EAST – WHAT ARE THE LIMITS OF GREAT POWER ACCORDS? **
 * B. GEOPOLITICS AND EAST ASIA-KENNAN'S REALPOLITIK VS IDEOLOGICAL VIEW OF THE WORLD **
 * C. THE EVOLUTION OF OCCUPATION POLICY IN JAPAN **
 * D. THE MARSHALL MISSION AND CIVIL WAR IN CHINA **
 * E. TOWARD CIVIL WAR IN KOREA **
 * F. EUROPEAN COLONIALISM IN RETREAT: MALAYA, INDOCHINA, THE DUTCH EAST INDIES (INDONESIA) **


 * 1) ** COLD WAR STRATEGY FROM WITHIN EAST ASIA **
 * A. YOSHIDA SHIGERU AND THE U.S.-JAPAN ALLIANCE **
 * B. CHIANG KAI-SHEK AND TAIWAN AS “FREE CHINA” **
 * C. **** INDOCHINA: THE EMERGE OF NGO DINH DIEM: COLLABORATORS OR PARTNERS? [SAME BED DIFFERENT DREAMS] **
 * V. THE KOREAN WAR AND THE HARDENING OF ALLIANCES **
 * A. INTERNATIONALIZATION OF THE WAR IN KOREA **
 * B. CHINA AS INTERNATIONAL OUTCASTE **
 * C. THE SINO-AMERICAN COLD WAR: CRISES IN THE TAIWAN STRAIT, 1954-1955, 1958 **
 * D. EVOLUTION OF THE U.S.-JAPAN ALLIANCE SYSTEM **
 * VI. IDEOLOGY AND POWER: THE CRISIS OF SINO-SOVIET RELATIONS **
 * A. THE COLD WAR WITHIN THE COLD WAR-MAO BREAKS FREE OF THE SOVIET SPELL **
 * B. THE CHALLENGE OF PEOPLE'S WAR AND NATIONAL COMMUNISM **
 * C. THE VIETNAM WAR AND THE STRATEGIC TRIANGLE: **
 * THE FALLACY OF DOMINOES. **

** THE COLD WAR IN EAST ASIA, PART TWO: ** ** ENDINGS, LEGACIES, LESSONS **
 * I. **** WHEN AND HOW DOES THE COLD WAR END IN EAST ASIA? CHANGES IN THE STRUCTURE OF GLOBAL AND REGIONAL INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS **
 * A. Primary and Secondary Cold Wars **
 * __Primary Cold Wars:__ **
 * A. Evolution of Sino-American Relations—weaving the net; continuing problems: Taiwan, HR, systemic differences, repression, strategic competition. **
 * B. Evolution of Soviet/Russia-China Relations- How the Sino-Soviet Cold War Ended—The Collapse of Ideology as a Factor in Sino-Soviet relations post-Mao period. **
 * __ Secondary Cold Wars __**
 * Reunification of Vietnam **
 * Inter-Korean relations—the continuing cold war **
 * Regionalism in Southeast Asia in place of opposing power blocs—the Cold War is dichotomous but reality is much more complex than either/or. **


 * II. What Are the Main Legacies of the Cold War **
 * in East Asia? **
 * A. U.S. Desire to Maintain Dominant Position in Region now justified as a “hedging strategy” vis-a-vis PRC **
 * B. Dominance of military/strategic factors in policymaking in U.S. **
 * C. Ideology of the so-called Washington Consensus- i.e. free-market based Western-style democracies vs. the so-called Beijing-consensues of state-directed authoritarianism as guarantor of stability. **
 * D. Continuing division of Korea and possibility of renewed war on Korean peninsula **
 * E. The unresolved issue of Taiwan **


 * 1) ** REFLECTIONS ON AND LESSONS FROM THE COLD WAR IN EAST ASIA **
 * A. Did the United States win the Cold War in East Asia? Triumphal versus Tragic Interpretations **
 * B. Could the Cold War in East Asua have been avoided by better policy in Washington? Was the U.S. right to intervene in the wars in Korea and Vietnam? **
 * C. What price was paid by the U.S. and by East Asians for the Cold War in Asia that turned hot in Korea and Vietnam? **
 * D. Considering “The Other”: Asians as the Missing Persons in American Considerations of the Cold War **
 * E. Ideology and National Interest in Cold War Policymaking: Was There a “Fog of War” in the Cold War? **
 * F. The Tragedy of Imperial Hubris **

**SHORT READING LIST ON COLD WAR IN EAST ASIA**

Leffler Melvin J. //The Specter of Communism:The United States and the Origin of the Cold War, 1917-1953// (New York: Hill and Wang, 1994) Tanaka Yuki & Marilyn Young, eds. //Bombing Civilians: A Twentieth Century History// (New York: New Press, 2009)
 * __General__**

Chen Jian. //Mao's China and the Cold War// (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2001) Pantsov Alexander V. with Steven I. Levine. //Mao: The Real Story// (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2012 forthcoming) Westad Odd Arne. //Decisive Encounters:The Chinese Civil War, 1946-1950// (Stanford, CA.: Stanford University Press, 2003)
 * __China__**

Dower John. //Embracing Defeat: Japan in the Wake of World War II// (New York: W.W. Norton, 1999) Schaller, Michael. //Altered States: The United States and Japan since the Occupation// (New York: Oxford University Press, 1997) Totani Yuma. //The Tokyo War Crimes Trial: The Pursuit of Justice in the Wake of World War II// (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Asia Center, 2008)
 * __Japan__**

Foot Rosemary. //The Wrong War: American Policy and the Dimensions of the Korean Conflict, 1950-1953// (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1985) Lee Steven Hugh. //The Korean War// (Harlow, U.K.: Longman, 2001) Stueck William. //Rethinking the Korean War// (Princeton, N.J. Princeton University Press, 2002)
 * __Korea__**

Kerkvliet Benedict J. //The Huk Rebellion: A Study of Peasant Revolt in the Philippines// (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1977) McMahon Robert J. //The Limits of Empire: The United and Southeast Asia since World War II// ( New York: Columbia University Press, 1999)
 * __Southeast Asia__**

Herring, George L. //America's Longest War: The United States and Vietnam, 1950-1975,// 4th ed. (Boston: McGraw-Hill, 2002) Hunt Michael H. //Lyndon Johnson's War:: America's Cold War Crusade in Vietnam, 1945-1968(// (New York: Hill and Wang, 1996)
 * __Vietnam__**